Corporate Development During The Industrial Revolution Essays

Corporate Development During The Industrial Revolution The Standard Oil Company founded by John D. Rockefeller and the U.S. Steel Company founded by Andrew Carnegie. The Standard Oil Company and U.S. Steel Company were made successful in different ways due to the actions of their different owners. The companies differed in their labor relations, market control, and structural organization. In the steel industry, Carnegie developed a system known as vertical integration. This means that he cut out the middle man. Carnegie bought his own iron and coal mines because using independent companies cost too much and were inefficient. By doing this he was able to undersell his competetors because they had to pay the competitors they went through to get the raw materials. Unlike Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller integrated his oil business from top to bottom, his distinctive innovation in movement of American industry was horizontal. This meant he followed one product through all its stages. For example, rockrfeller controlled the oil when it w as drilled, through the refining stage, and he maintained control over the refining process turning it into gasoline. Although these two powerful men used two different methods of management their businesses were still very successful (Conlin, 425-426). Tycoons like Andrew Carnegie, ?the steel king,? and John D. Rockefeller, ?the oil baron,? exercised their genius in devising ways to circument competition. Although, Carnegie inclined to be tough-fisted in business, he was not a monopolist and disliked monopolistic trusts. John D. Rockefeller came to dominate the oil industry. With one upward stride after another he organized the Standard Oil Company, which was the nucleus of the great trust that was formed. Rockefeller showed little mercy. He believed primitive savagery prevailed in the jungle world of business, where only the fittest survived. He persued the policy of ?ruin or rule.? Rockefeller's oil monopoly did turn out a superior product at a relatively cheap price. Rockefeller belived in ruthless business, Carnegie didn't, yet they both had the most successful companies in their industries. (The American Pageant, pages 515-518) Rockefeller treated his customers in the same manner that Andrew Carnegie treated his workers: cruel and harsh. The Standard Oil Company desperately wanted every possible company to buy their products. Standard Oil used ruthless tactics when Rockefeller threatenedto start his own chain of grocery stores and put local merchants out of business if they did not buy oil from Standard Oil Company. Carnegie dealt with his workers with the same cold lack of diplomacy and consideration. Carnegie would encourage an unfriendly competition between two of his workers and he goaded them into outdoing one another. Some of his employees found working under Carnegie unbearable. These rivalries became so important to the employees that somedidn't talk to each other for years (McCloskkey, page 145). Although both Carnegie and Rockefeller created ex termely successsful companies, they both used unscrupulous methods in some aspect of their corporation building to get to the top. The success of the Standard Oil Company and U.S. Steel company was credited to the fact that their owners ran them with great authority. In this very competetive time period, many new businesses were being formed and it took talented businessmen to get ahead and keep the companies running and make the fortunes that were made during this period. Bibliography Titan

the story behind the beatles essays

the story behind the beatles essays THE INTERESTING STORY BEHIND THE WORLD'S LEADING POP BAND The introduction of pop style into the music industry in the nineteen-fifties and sixties has had a definite effect on the world. Pop brought rock'n'roll music into existence; it gave those listening to it a sense of non-conformity and freedom. It put parents on the edge of their seats with worry, teenagers on the edge of their seats wanting more. Most important were the bands that brought about the development of pop culture. One of these bands was the Beatles. The Beatles were perhaps the greatest pop band ever, and it is a very interesting story how they came to be so. The foursome had many things in common. Each was born in Liverpool, England, and as boys they lived fairly near to one another (About the Beatles). Also, three of the four had losses that had a great impact on their lives before age 17. As the band became a defined, independent group, the four seemed to have more and more in common with one another. John Winston Lennon, basically known as the founder of the group, was born on October 9, 1940. His parents separated when he was only four, and it was then that John was sent to live with his Aunt Mimi in the Liverpool suburb of Woolton. John grew up half a niche higher than Paul, George, and Ringo in the class system (Roylance, Quance, Craske, Milisec 7). In order to pass time, John often played with his friends at Strawberry Fields-a Victorian house converted into an orphanage. Later, this would serve as the inspiration for the song Strawberry Fields. John had a rough school history throughout, and as a boy he often thought, there is something wrong with me because I seem to see things other people dont see (Roylance, Quance, Craske, Milisec 8). At age 16, he finally found an interest when his mother taught him a few banjo chords. Soon after, his mother was killed by a drunk off-duty policeman. In griev...

20th-Century Genius Award Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

20th-Century Genius Award Paper - Essay Example Born in Swansea, Wales, on October 27, 1914, Thomas published his first book of poetry in 1934, in which he proved his prowess in the application of poetic diction, imagery, surrealism, and personal fantasy. Critics claim that since he was a hard drinking, unreliable chanter of his own poetry, he usually remained in dispute with the contemporary world. His works, published in his teenage between 1930 and 1934, portray the struggle between crisis of his life, like finding his own identity which is typical of teenage, and himself. His musical writing style was infatuated with the sound and rhythm of words, and their manifold meanings. The richness of meaning often became illogical, and the innovatory syntax depicting celestial and sexual descriptions made his poetry somewhat hard to understand. The themes of religious uncertainty and the cycle of life and death may have arisen from some catastrophic life events, like the marriage of his love and his relationship with his father. When h e travelled to London and Wales between 1934 and 1936, the years of publication of Eighteen Poems and Twenty-five poems respectively, he met a lot of literary personalities and started an affair with the poet and novelist, Pamela Hansford Johnson, who later on got married to the novelist C.P. Snow. This incident made Thomas a heart-broken hard drinker. Thomas had always felt a lot of difficulty in writing first-rate poetry and to be considered as a poet (Poetry Foundation, 2015). This also led him to plagiarize at times. Thomas started bringing elements of sadness, war, and financial failures in his poetry when he moved to a borrowed house in Wales with his wife. When Thomas married Caitlin Macnamara in 1937, they were impoverished. They moved to Laugharne, Wales and remained there till Thomas died in 1953. The monetary troubles that they encountered, like the recurrent borrowing of

Emerging Markets of Pakistan and Vietnam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Emerging Markets of Pakistan and Vietnam - Essay Example Investors need to constantly monitor markets around the globe to identify a niche for themselves. One avenue which interests every strategic investor is the emerging markets. Emerging markets denote possibilities available for investors in countries that have just begun to get prominence in the investment sector. Countries such as India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Singapore and Malaysia offer lucrative advantages to big business houses. This report aims at studying the economic factors of two emerging markets viz. Pakistan and Vietnam to identify which market offers better opportunities for an investor. The report studies the prevailing economic conditions in these countries and other non-economic parameters that might affect investment. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an important feature of an increasingly globalized economic system. Direct investments in productive assets by a company incorporated in a foreign company, as opposed to investments in shares of local companies by foreign entities (investorguide.com, 2007). Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year, equal to total consumer, investment and government spending, plus the value of exports, minus the value of imports. GDP is usually calculated on an annual basis. GDP is commonly used as an indicator of the economic health of a country, as well as to gauge a country's standard of living (investorwords.com, 2007). Savings and Investment are closely associated with each other. Savings is treated as a part of the assets possessed by an economy. Savings and saving are different. Saving is computed as Income minus the sum of expenditure and tax payments (Pradeep Agarwal, 2000). Savings in a broader sense refers to an entity that increases Economic growth and therefore it is treated as a stock variable. Investment means diverting capital for acquiring assets usually with an expectation of getting returns. It's a general observation that in developing economies, domestic savings are bound to be minimal for various reasons. In order to keep up with the pace of international market, foreign capital inflow is encouraged by these countries, in various forms such as loads, Foreign Direct Investment, grants and portfolios (Griffin and Econ, 1970). A research work on foreign capital inflows for developing economies by Ahmad and Ahmed at University of Karachi (Ahmad and Ahmed, 2001) proves that foreign capital inflow and domestic savings are substitutes of each other. This statement was proved theoretically and empirically (Ahmad and Ahmed, 2001). Per-capita Income is calculated as the yearly income that is generated by a state/Country divided by the total population. It is reported as Currency/year. Mostly it is measured in Euros or Dollars. It is

Choose two ads from popular magizines. Do a pre-write in which you Essay

Choose two ads from popular magizines. Do a pre-write in which you consider what elements these ads have in comman, and what ele - Essay Example Both these advertisements have catchy captions and provide stark images to the consumer that will be able to have an impact on his mind on viewing. They are persuasive in nature and have been analyzed and explained below. The advertisement from Nike is a very different and innovative one, something not most business enterprises would be able to publish in the print media. This is because it shows a young boy peeing in the corner with a caption that reads â€Å"Just Do It†. It is indeed a very persuasive and catchy to the image as well. The entire image tries to depict and make a consumer understand on his sub conscious level, how important it is to just do things without thinking twice about them. It tries to make people understand that mostly when people think about carrying out an action a few more times, they chicken out by the entire idea and are not able to follow through or implement. With the help of the young boy in the image, it tries to tell people that when they wer e young, they did not have a care in their minds and would just do whatever they felt like. However, with age comes responsibility and most of the times the heavy weight of the responsibility that people carry on their shoulders, weighs them down and they are unable to do things for themselves. This advertisement has helped to bridge that very gap by showing the young boy peeing on the road – an indication of a young carefree mind, not bothering about the implications and ‘just doing it’; in this case, ‘just buying’ products from the brand Nike. (Nike) The second advertisement from the Condomshop.ch is a image of a naked man standing with three soldiers in a war zone, completely armed and thus, ‘protected’. This ad is from a company of condoms and thus is trying to tell the consumers how important it is to be protected while having sexual intercourse with their partners. With the help of the soldiers and guns in the war zone, the adverti sement helps the consumer to form an image in their heads of the particular condom providing the best results. It is an analogy that suggests that the condom will provide as much protection to the men that make use of it, as arms and bullet proof clothing provide soldiers in a war like environment. Again, it is a very persuasive advertisement with the tag line ‘Don’t Be Stupid’. This indicates a very simple and concise manner of portraying how one should not fall prey to the implications that not using a condom might have i.e. unplanned pregnancies and thus in order to avoid all that and not be stupid, one should make use of the condom from Condomshop.ch which provides the maximum amount of protection. (Condomshop.ch) Both the advertisements thus are quite rhetoric in nature as they suggest exactly what they portray in the images. On viewing, it instantly hits the consumer’s mind about what the images might be suggesting or trying to say. Both advertisemen ts also have a very simple and catchy line that people are able to remember with ease. This is a very good strategy to use because simple captions help to attract more consumers and play in their heads all the time, making them finally make use of or purchase the product or services. Both advertisements also present images that the consumer is able to relate with very easily. They are also fairly explicit in nature, suggesting a very probable as well as obvious statement to the consumer. Thus, they make for very good marketing strategies for the both the

Poverty effects on childs self esteem

Poverty effects on childs self esteem POVERTY EFFECTS ON A CHILDS SELF ESTEEM by First Name, MI, Last Name A Paper Presented in Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements of HS5006 Survey of Research Methodology [Name] [Month, Year] Address: City, State, Zip: Phone: E-mail: Instructor: Mentor: Abstract A childs self esteem is very important in determining the future of the child. A child must grow with a positive self esteem. Self esteem is affected by poverty. Poverty affects the socio-economic welfare of the family which in turn affects the child. This usually happens when the parents of the poor child are not able to afford what other children are getting form their parents including better education, medical cover, social facilities among others. The poor child who suffers from low self-esteem is not able to compete with the rest because he is psychologically affected. The effects of low self esteem could go on even up to adulthood. This article examines the impacts of poverty on a childs self esteem. Table of contents Introduction Background Problem statement Significance of the study Literature review a) Theoretical literature review b) Empirical literature review Methodology Discussion and findings Recommendations Conclusion 1.0 Introduction Self esteem is the key driving factor in a childs achievement in life. For a child to succeed he must have a positive sense of self esteem. A child with low self esteem is always out competed by the rest of the children with positive self esteem.   Self esteem can make one either to do well or poorly in every day activities. On the other hand, poverty is the lack of finances to meet the daily financial commitments. A poor person, according to the United Nations is a person who lives below a $1 per day. Poverty affects a persons ability to cater and provide the daily basic needs. Children borne out of poor families are characterized with low self esteem. This is because the parents are not in a position to provide for them the daily basic needs as the other children from the well off families. When at school, these children are teased on their social-economic welfare lowering further their sense of self-esteem. When such children grow up with such low self esteem, they do not compete well because they were poorly prepared for the future due poor background. This research paper investigates the effect of poverty on the self esteem of the children. 2.0 Background Poverty is the lack of well-being by the people. It is the inability of people to purchase basic necessities of life. This includes food, shelter, education and clothing. Absolute poverty is a type of poverty associated with the lack of financial capability to afford basic necessities of life. It usually occurs when a person spends less than $1 in a day. This type is also known as financial poverty. This kind of poverty can be alleviated by encouraging the people to develop small, medium or large businesses. The4 businesses should make use of natural resources for them to be effective. The other type of poverty is the poverty that is not associated with income. Also called the non- income poverty. This is where the people may have some money but in general, their life standards are below the societys expectations i.e. they may not be in a position to afford basic education, health care etc. this type of poverty can be alleviated through increased access to affordable social services. The social services should also be qualitative in addition typo to being affordable. In general, poor people often live below the standards of the society. Poverty is most prevalent in the unemployed, the youth, children, mothers, and the aged. Children borne out of poverty must struggle to reach the level of their counterparts from well off families. They struggle through their adulthood trying to make ends meet. Poverty is a social problem because the children borne in poor families are not given a fair opportunity to compete with the rest. There have been various measures of poverty that have been and are still in use although new measures of poverty are being advocated. The UNDP developed the human development index in 1990 to measure the level of poverty. This measures poverty based on the income. Globally, a measure that is used to measure poverty is the one developed and regularly updated by the World Bank; the $1per day. This measure is widely used although it doesnt show the real human wellbeing. That is why better methods that can capture the well being of humans are being advocated. Self-esteem: self esteem can be either high medium or low. According to Baumeister, smart Boden 1996), extremely high self esteem indicate destructiveness and narcissism. Some people may have false sense of high esteem whereby the feel they have high self esteem yet they have very low self esteem. A person with low self esteem lacks self awareness and may be defensive. (Hoyle, Kernis, Leary Baldwin 1991). Low self esteem is associated with depression. There is a strong relationship between suicide and low sense of self esteem. According to Guindon H. (2010), a person with a high sense of self esteem is more likely to be self directed and independent than low esteem individuals. Problem statement the way children perceive things is very important. This is because it is a vital component in developing their self esteem. In addition to that, self esteem is a key aspect in the learning process of a child. Through it, a child can view things either positively or negatively. On the other hand, low self esteem in children can be blamed on poverty. As children grow up, they may face low self esteem problems especially during their puberty. Self esteem varies with from one child top another (Williams, 2007). According to sociological researchers, there are two types of poverty namely: situational poverty where a family can plunge into poverty due to some negative aspects of change like loss of a job or problems of a disease and generational poverty which when it strike a family it is difficult to deal with and a child may suffer even up to old age. Children are affected differently by the two type of poverty (Dana, 2003).A child born in a family that has generational poverty grows in the knowledge that the situation the family is in is determined by fate and the situation is beyond control. A child born in a family with generational poverty always feel inferior compared to his/her peers and usually suffer from low self esteem. However, low self esteem disappears and the child grows confidence if the situation disappears. 3.0 Research questions This research seeks to investigate the relationship between poverty and the self esteem of children; whether the relationship is direct on inverse. It undertakes to answer the following research questions: Does poverty have and impact on the self esteem of children? Is the relationship between poverty and self esteem a direct or an inverse relationship? Does low self-esteem progress in to adult life in a poverty stricken family? 4.0 Significance of the study literature on the effects of poverty on psychological development of a child triggered the research into this topic on the effects of poverty on a childs self esteem. The former studies were not clear and specific on the effects of poverty on the self esteem of a child (Sandra and Josefina, 2002). This later became reality and a challenge. The observation of children across different family backgrounds drew the interests of different researchers. They started working on it and in the preliminary observations, the self esteem in children decreased as the level of poverty increased among children but not absolutely. This means that some children had high self esteem though they were from poor backgrounds and vice versa. No observations were made on whether the low self esteem disappeared as the children grew albeit still being in poverty. This unanswered questions triggered the topic and these forms the main objective of this research. Through this study, we shall find out the relation ship between poverty and self esteem in children. From the findings, researchers can come out with a better methodology of dealing with low self esteem in children from poverty stricken families. 5.0 Literature review 5.1 Theoretical literature review This research will make use of different library material and electronic databases such as J-STOR and inform global database in compiling of the research. In addition the research will make use of books and peer reviewed journals to compile and complete the task. The use of government publication will be very instrumental to get the statistics and figures that are relevant to the topic. According to Sandra, W. (2007), children can be affected by the family issues like lack of funds, peer pressure, stigma and family stresses. Children from poverty stricken families often do suffer from stresses from the family unlike their peers from other well off families. It is more humiliating to them when they are not in a position to pay the full amount required for school activities. Also affecting childrens self esteem are factors like stigma attached to poverty stricken families, class divisions, humiliation from peers pointing out what they lack, low quality clothing compared to their peers etc. in addition to this, there are other factors like lack of access to some facilities like swimming pools, certain games like golf etc. all these factors can have a negative impact on the self esteem of the child which in turn negatively influences the childs education. Children always want to feel confident in their abilities. Contrary to this, their schoolwork and future life prospe cts will be highly affected negatively. Sandra, W. (2007), adds that for children to do well, they need role models that are positive, positive friend, families together wit h communities. This will make a difference on their self esteem. Parents also have a role to play as far as self esteem is concerned. As much as they should praise the children for a job well done, they should watch out not to overdo it because it will backfire. Very high expectations to children pressure them so much that they make mistakes avoiding challenges. Too much criticism also damages self esteem. Therefore, parents must strike a balance. A child can overcome financial as well as emotional if all the players, teachers, aunts, parents and peer can be of positive influence to them (Sandra, W. 2007). Rani, (2006) studies the impact of single poor mothers on their children in India and He notes that the impacts are wide, varied and complex. Many single women in India, though they do not have any formal employment, they head their households providing everything that is needed. When the husband dies, these women assume every responsibility of the home. They work outside leaving the children alone at home. Since they are poor, they can not afford to hire a care taker to take care of the children. Their financial indigence can not allow them to provide mentorship for their children. They thus feel anxious about their childrens future. The conditions are hard for both the mothers and the children. The mothers are hands tied to care for the childrens basic needs. With the soaring economic conditions, they strain and cut down expenses. This leads to provision of poor quality services to these children.   They drop out of school. In pursuit for the basic needs, they end up assisting th e mother in provision of basic necessities. The familys role as a socialization agent is weakened. The whole scenario is a total mess (Rani, I. 2006). Mclahahan Booth, (1989) argue that the socialization process is different in single parent families. That the attachment of children to parents, the expectations and values of parents and the ability of parents to influence their childrens behavior are some of the factors that are vital in enhancing socialization within families. In addition to that, structural factors of whether a family is single parent or not matters. Single mothers are less influential regarding childrens decisions than when they are two. Peer pressure is more intense in children from single mother families then others. Though some researchers say that school performance of children fro the two types of families differ, Rani, (2006) says that studies carried out show that children from two parent families out performed their counterparts form single parent mothers. This is explained by the low socio economic standards of the children from single mother families. In this connection, the children from poor familie s educational performance are affected by the poor economic standards of their mothers (Mclanahan, 1985). More so, the school drop out rate was high for children from single mothers that those from two parents. Single mothers rarely monitor the social activities of their adolescents. This leads them to be susceptible to peer-pressure more than their counterparts resulting to other chain of bad social behavior. These children according to studies spend more time doing chores at home as compared to their counterparts from two parents. According to wisegeek, (2010), poverty starts affecting children even before they are borne. This experienced when the mother s are poor and can not insured. Therefore they always dont get prenatal care early enough making them suffer from diabetes, high blood pressure and other complications. This leads to developmental delays in their children growth, lagging behind their peers. As if hat is not enough, children from poverty stricken families usually experience many health complications like asthma (due to living in poorly ventilated house structures) and obesity (due to the inability of parents to afford a diet rich in proteins). Another problem of growing up in poverty is mental problems. This occurs to due to stresses that accompany poverty stricken families. These problems include; unemployment, divorce, death, drug abuse etc. Anxiety and depression feelings are the outcomes of such situations and they can last to adult hood. In addition to lack of quality time from working par ents who strive to make ends meet, children from poor families spent much of their time in poor quality daycare centers. This could impact negatively on their emotional health (wisegeek, 2010). Children form poor background often receive low quality education once in elementary school because they are involved in a lot of movements or they are forced to attend cheap schools that provide poor services. This will set up long term repercussions to the child. If he cant learn properly in elementary school he will be affected even in high school and college. The lack of a university degree will ruin the rest of the lifetime of the child as he will struggle a lot. Teenagers form poor families are most likely to indulge in drug abuse, risky promiscuous behavior and alcohol. The indulgence in this will most likely spur chains of other unlawful activities all this happen at the expense of learning and preparation for future life which their counterparts from affluent families will be doing. This complicates their lives even further. Solving generational poverty is a problem because it can affect two to three generations. A family suffering from generation poverty will be so frustrated; they even create myths surrounding their poverty situation thus forming a culture of poverty that limits their chances of breaking through and coming out successful. This may include indulging in unlawful acts like burglary. Due to poverty, children from families suffering from generational poverty grow up knowing that their present circumstances are fate determined in addition to factors that are beyond their control while those children fro m the middle and upper class are taught how to focus on the future and the potential to their lives (wisegeek, 2010). 5.2 Empirical literature review Rosenburg Owens (2001) provides an example of low esteem persons drawn from the examples and the surveys. They find that persons with low esteem are more sensitive to any experiences that threaten to damage their esteem. Criticism troubles them most causing them to react more emotionally to failure. In addition to that, they easily magnify events as negative and make non critical events as critical. These people experience low interpersonal success due to inadequate interpersonal confidence. High self esteem people look for growth while their counterparts, the low esteem people usually protect the esteem not wanting to make mistakes. Low self esteemed people are more pessimistic, distressed emotionally, less happy and anxious. Low esteemed people are rigid, indecisive and inflexible. Self esteem and happiness are interrelated. High self esteem fosters better physical health, good feelings, low depression, etc. Abernathy T. Webster, and Vermeulen, M. (2010), using the Evans-Stoddart model, they examined the data on 1759 adolescents of age 12-19. They found out from the study that there is a relation ship between the income of families and the health and that the relationship is based on the social environment including the differences in lifestyles, access to healthcare and low sense of self esteem. The analysis entailed bivariate and multivariate which displayed the positive relationship between self esteem and mastery and physical exercises levels. Interpreting the findings, they found out that low physical activity experienced by children from poor families have impact negatively on their self esteem hence their health. To reduce the impact, policies and programs that reduce poverty and increase the physical activity o f such children should be established. These policies would not only boost the health of the children but will also increases the level of esteem that the child has. This will translate into improved academic performance fro the children and thus a brighter future (Abernathy, T. 2010). In another survey carried out by Trzcinski, E. (2004), he studied school children in Middle Ages and assessed the effects of welfare on their daily activities and life. He undertook thirty interviews with children from metropolitan and large areas. He gathered the views of children as regarding the impact of multiple jobs on the child-parent relationship.   His outcome of the research was that the multiple jobs done by their parents during the night or in evening interfered with the child- parent relationship. He also found out that children who affected by these jobs went to school late and that the children while at school were always teased about their poverty and welfare issues. Trzcinski, E. (2004), noted that this affected the performance of the children at school because children from urban and poor families were poor and therefore their welfare was low. They could not afford many of the things that those children from the well-off families could.   He points out that this also affected the childs psychological well being (Trzcinski, E. 2004). 6.0 Methodology This research paper makes use of secondary data obtained from secondary sources like the books, journal articles, and the internet. 7.0 Main findings and discussion This research paper finds a major relation ship between the impacts of poverty on childs self-esteem. Poverty has significant effects to the children coming from poor backgrounds. According to Rani, (2006), many families that were single parents in India, they were poor. This was attributed to the inability of the mothers to posses various useful skill that would assist them get good employment. These mothers stayed out late fending for their children. The children on the other hand were lest on their on. This makes the families poor since the mother income in is not enough to cater for the food, shelter and the clothing. The low social economic situation of the family affects the children psychologically. This is because; their parents can not afford the better education, better health, social services recreation among many other things. These children miss a lot. Their sense of self esteem is tampered with. They start seeing themselves in a different angle as less achievers. They c ant think properly like their counterparts from well-off families. Socialization is hard because they are teased. As Trzcinski, E. 2004 found out, these children from poor back grounds are teased at school of their socio- economic welfare. This just serves to increase the pressure they have on their self esteem. They end up suffering from stress and depression. In, fact this explains the high school drop out rates among children from poor families. The poor family conditions affect the childrens performance at school. Their counterparts out perform them shining in every aspect. There many reasons to explain this. Just as Rani, (2006) pointed out, those children from single mother families are at double risks. They have no one to supervise their academic work as the mother is too busy. She leaves early and reports I back ate. They are on their own doing every chore at home and thus they have less time to study. They also walk to school. Due to the strained economic condition of the family, their parents can only afford a cheap school that offers low quality education. With no family socialization, these children grow into adulthood equipped with very little education and skills. Thus they will still lead poor lives just because they are less prepared to compete with the rest of the children who are well prepared for the future. In addition to the above, poverty starts having its effects on the child prom a poor family from his birth. As Guindon H. (2010) points out, the parents of these children are poor therefore they cant afford health care insurance. They keep waiting for pre-natal care from cheap hospitals. Due to the low quality of the services, they give birth to children in poor environment growing up with many complications like asthma diabetes etc. these poor conditions affect them as they grow up because the parents are poor and can   not afford good nutritional diet to their children. The poor conditions that the child grows in affects his self esteem and instead of the child growing up fighting poverty, he accepts it, and starts to think that everything and every situation they undergo is fate driven this low self esteem if not fought hard, results in vicious cycle of poverty for an individual. He will be poor since borne to his death. And the poverty can surpass to the next generation. 8.0 Recommendations to take care low self esteemed individuals The following are the recommendations made to lower the effect of poverty on the self esteem children from poor backgrounds: Social support: the state should increase programs that provide social support to the individuals with low self esteem. According to Guindon H. (2010), people with strong social ties have high sense of self esteem. Therefore, to raise a persons self esteem, one needs to increase a sense of belonging. Cognitive behavioral strategies: this helps reduce stress and depression as it increases the level of self esteem among schizophrenic patients. Tests carried out showed that techniques like relaxation, study skill and guided imagery help reduce anxiety and increase the level of self esteem in college students. Individual, family or group strategies: one-on-one individual counseling increases self esteem thou, it should not be used on critical cases of low self esteem. Family therapy should address issues like ineffective parenting styles and poor family functioning. This may be useful in treating issues related to family dynamics (e.g. eating disorder).   Physical fitness strategy: Exercises especially sports help increase self esteem. The effect of exercises is most felt in adolescents. Other strategies like reality strategies, solution focused therapy, narrative therapy, play therapy and creative arts have also been used to increase self esteem. In school going children especially, child centered lay therapy is highly recommended to alleviate the problems of low self esteem. However, the therapist should first understand the source of the low self esteem. Through this strategy, parents and teachers are taught ways of dealing with such cases and how to improve the childs autonomy, responsibility and setting therapeutic limits. The state should come up with programs to help reduce the long term effects of poverty on the development children. Nutrition programs like the women, infants and children (WIC) should be encouraged to because they help feed pregnant women and young children below the age of five with nutritious food. This includes offering of free pre-school to children from poor back grounds. 9.0 Conclusion Poverty should be taken seriously. It is affecting many children from poor backgrounds. Such children have low self esteem which ends up messing up their entire future life. Poor children from poor backgrounds do not do well in school due to low self esteem. They also experience frequent cases of stress and depression. Majority of single mother families are poor. Frequencies of school dropouts are high in such poor families. Due to frustration, they succumb to peer-pressure hence indulging in drug abuse and promiscuity. If the low esteem goes on in the lives of these children as they grow up, they may end up being poor and frustrated. The state should move fast to save and secure the future of these children through social programs that are helpful to them. Other non-governmental organizations should work hand in hand with the government in alleviating poverty and helping the poor families. Some of the programs that they should involve themselves with are nutrition programs, individual family strategies, physical fitness strategies, social support and cognitive behavioral strategies among many others. These will save the future generation. References Abernathy, T., Webster, G. and Vermeulen, M. (2010). Relationship Between Poverty and Health Among Adolescents. Retrieved on February 23, 2010 from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12003291 Boden, J., Ferguson,D. and Horwood, M. (2008). Does adolescent self esteem predict later life outcomes? A test of the causal role of self esteem. Development and psychology.20, 319-339. Dana, H. (2003). What are the Long Term Effects of Poverty? Retrieved on January 21, 2010from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-long-term-effects-of-poverty.htm Guindon, H. (2009). Self esteem across lifespans: issues and interventions. Brunner-Routlegde USA Kernis, M., Grannemann,B and Mathis, C (1991). Stability of Self Esteem as a Moderator of The Relation Between Level of Self-Esteem and Depression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 61, 80-84 Mclanahan, S. and Bumpass, L. (1988). Intergenerational consequences of family disruption, American journal of sociology 94 (1):130-152 Owens, T and Stryker S (2001). The future of self esteem. Extending self esteem theory and research. New York Cambrige University Press. Rani, I. (2006). Child Care by Poor Single Mothers: Study of Mother Headed Families in India. Journal of Comparative Family studies 01. Sandra, A., Josefina, F. (2002). Gender and poverty: Self-esteem among elementary schoolchildren. Journal of children and poverty, 2(1), 5-22.Williams, S. (2007). Child poverty and Self Esteem. Retrieved on January 21, 2010 fromhttp://poverty.suite101.com/article.cfm/child_poverty_and_self_esteem Sandra,W. (2007). Child Poverty and Self Esteem: How Poverty can Contribute to Childrens Negative Emotional State.retrievd on February 23, 2010 from: http://poverty.suite101.com/article.cfm/child_poverty_and_self_esteem Trzcinski, E. (2002). Middle School Childrens Perceptions on Welfare and Poverty: An Exploratory, Qualitative Study. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, Vol. 23, 4. Wisegeek, (2010). What are the long term effects of poverty? Retrieved on February 22, 2010 from: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-long-term-effects-of-poverty.htm

CD Review :: essays research papers

Jay-Z Blueprint Here you have it, all you Jay-Z fans; a much anticipated review of the hot new CD!! 1)The Ruler's Back 3:49 This song is Jay-Z singing about...Jay-Z. In this song he sounds very conceded. He is 'the Ruler', and when he says "I'm back n***a", there are trumpets playing in the background, jsut like you'd imagine them being played for royalty. He talks about how rich he is, and how he doesn't care if he goes to court, he says"What's a couple dollars to me?" and the only thing he cares about is that you respect him. I dunno, it's kinda tough respecting someone with that big an ego. But it's kinda cool, in the beginning the beat goes with his laugh, it reminds me of how we're supposed to get the virbrato on flute, the whole "hahaha" thing. 2)Takeover 5:13 I like the beat to this song. it's the type you'd go cruising with, turn the bass waaayyyy up. so that you can't even hear the words. Int his song he advertises his record label Roc-A-Fella, and how powerful he is, and how he and his rappers are "runnin' this rap sh*t". He talk about how many more records he's sold than DMX, and disses him. At one point he uses a DMX clip where they're shouting "NOOOO!" And every time, it never fails, I jump out of my seat, it sounds as if someone is sitting right next to you screaming bloody murder. 3)Izzo (H.O.V.A.) 4:00 This is one of my favorite songs on the cd, in fact, this song is the reason I bought the cd. This song has a peppy beat, and talks about how he, inspite of everything that has happened to him, he comes out on top. Honestly, i have no idea what "H to the izzo, V to the izzy" is supposed to mean. The chorus has a girl singing that line, and Jay-Z saying "Forshizzo my nizzo, used to dribble down in VA", then the girls sing "H to the izzo, V to the izzy" again, and then Jay-Z says "That's the anthem, get your da*n hands up". It's the type of song you can't help but bop your head to. It's also the perfect length, by the end of it, you aren't tired of the song unlike some of the other songs on this cd. 4) Girls, Girls, Girls 4:35

Five Teachings Of Jesus

The five of the teachi8ngs of Jesus are the following: Be Merciful (Luke 6:36, Matthew 5:7, Forgiveness (Luke6: 37), Seek Goodness (Luke 6:45), Respect Others (Luke 14:11), and Be Kind (Luke 6:31). Be Merciful (Luke 6:31). â€Å"Be merciful just as your father is merciful.† (Matthew 5:7): â€Å"Happy are those who are merciful to others; God will be merciful to them.† The passage s teaches us mainly about being merciful to our enemy and God will be merciful toward us. Forgiveness of kind especially toward our enemy. We should not harm others even if they done bad things against us. We should show compassion towards others because if we don’t people might not show compassion towards us. The passage told us that Jesus is merciful even towards his enemies. Perfect example of this is forgiving Jusus’ enemy when he was put on the cross. Jesus even prayed for them to not punish them. Forgiveness (Luke 6:37): â€Å" Do not judge others, and God will not judge you; do not condemn others, and God will not condemn you; forgive others and God will forgive you.† The passage teaches us that we should forgive others and we will be forgiven. We should treat others, as we want to be treated. Jesus never judged or condemned others no matter what they did to him. Seek Goodness (Luke 6:45): â€Å"a good person brings good out of the treasure of good things in his heart; a bad person brings bad out of his treasure of bad things. For mouth speaks what the heart is full of.† The passage teaches us mainly about looking for the good in all, not for evil. We should look for positive thought in all, not for negative thoughts. Jesus always seeks goodness in all of us. Respect Others (Luke 14:11): â€Å"For everyone who makes himself great will be humbled, and everyone who humbles himself will be great.† The passage teaches us mainly about helping others if they need help. The people who you help will be thankful to you. Jesus became humble because he earned it by helping people who need help, even his enemy. Be Kind (Luke 6:31): â€Å"Do for others just what you want them to do for you.† The passage is mainly about respecting others especially he elders. Respect others, as you want to be respected. Jesus is respectful toward his family, elders, and enemy.

Bootleger Version 20 essays

Bootleger Version 20 essays Prohibition will work great injury to the cause of temperance... for it goes beyond the bounds of reason in that it attempts to control a mans appetite by legislation and make a crime out of things that are not a crime. A prohibition law strikes a blow at the very principle upon which our government was founded Abraham Lincoln On January 16, 1920 the Eighteenth Amendment was ratified by thirty-six states and became part of the Constitution. The intention of this new amendment was to lower alcohol consumption by Americans. At the time each American consumed on average thirty gallons of alcohol a year.[1] This new amendment took away the license to do business from the brewers, distillers, and the wholesale and retail sellers of alcoholic beverages. Alcohol consumption did taper off somewhat at the beginning of prohibition only to slowly rise back to pre-prohibition levels shortly before the end of the movement which took place on December 5,1933. Not only was the goal of prohibition never achieved, but it raised organized crime to levels of power unimaginable before and seriously disrupted both the legitimacy and revenue of the government. Just as Prohibition incited many unsavory activities, so has the War on Drugs. The easiest way to show the connection between these to movements is an excerpt from an article pertaining to Prohibition in America during the 1920s: Bootleggers ran wild. Professional robberies began as soon as Prohibition did. Territories were divided by groups of organized crime that became the scum known as the Mafia. The territories were decided by violence and death, both against each other, as well as those in the public who may/may not have been innocent.[2] Extract a few words from the excerpt and replace them with the words drug dealers, War on Drugs, and gangs and there is a description of Americas current situation. The War on Drugs intends to rid America of d...

The Ill Mind of the Führer Adolf Hiter Professor Ramos Blog

The Ill Mind of the Fà ¼hrer Adolf Hiter Noah Rougely English 102 July 31, 2018 On Easter Sunday of April 20, 1889, a monster was born. Adolf Hiter was the son of a middle-class provincial customs officer in Braunau-am-Inn, which was then called the Austro-Hungarian Empire. A very bright young lad he was growing up to be. He was highly interested in literature about war and the cowboys Indians. Although he was very brilliant and great in school, his childhood was filled with tragedy, as he lost 4 siblings including his closest brother Edmund when he was just 10 years old. He then lost his dad when he was 14. The biggest tragedy he faced was the loss of his mother at age 18. He had a very close relationship with her and it was said that his doctor had never seen someone grieve so hard over a loved one. Some historians believe these factors may have contributed to Hitler’s aggression later in life. He became fascinated by war at an early age when he found a picture book among his father’s belongings. He had an intense passion for architecture and painting and he wanted to attend the Academy of Fine Art in Vienna, but he could never pass the art exam. The deaths of his siblings and his mom were causing him to slack off in school. He tried once again to take the exam but still failed. After a second rejection, Hitler lived on the streets in poverty and made money for food by selling his paintings until the outbreak of World War I in 1914. He joined the military and was injured a few times but he was in love with the politics and sticking up for his country so he always made it back on the battlefield. After the loss of World War 1, he started gaining power by using the countries downfalls as opportunity. He started to gain this power legitimately during the economic depression that was humiliating Germany after the loss of World War 1. The American stock market crash cause d America to call in its foreign debts and the amount that Germany owed America made their currency lose tremendous value. This caused military cut backs that crippled Germany’s army. Hitler began working as a spy for the military and providing important surveillance. His war service began to teach him the power of propaganda. â€Å"He saw how British propaganda destroyed German morale and paved the way for Germany’s surrender. In 1919, while supposedly spying on extremist political activity for the army, he actually joined a tiny group, which he swiftly renamed the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP).† (Mà ¼ller-Hill, Benno) In 1923 during his rise of power, he chose to revolt against the government because he felt it was being weak and the cause of the loss of World War 1 was because communist and Jews were spreading propaganda of peace and anti-war. He was imprisoned for a year for treason. Hitler was a very great orator and he would adju st his unique rhetorical style as he was speaking to large crowds to feel them out and find what he could use to help them bond to his own agenda. â€Å"He knew how to seek out and express the hidden feelings of his audience, hammering away at the idea of the uniqueness of the German people and stressing the way in which their destiny had been betrayed by their leaders and was now threatened by the two great evils of Communism and a Jewish world conspiracy.† (Cull) He was continuing to spread his image and grow his power. He was really starting to gain traction on persuading a whole country into following him in his racist beliefs. He was such a great speaker and he knew the right ways to convince large crowds that he had their best interests at heart. During his imprisonment, Hitler wrote a book he titled,  Mein Kampf  (â€Å"My Struggle†), where he laid out his plans for the future and his views on the world and society. He planned to become a powerful man completely legally and playing by the rules. He was good at appealing to the goals of other nationalist and right-wing parties, so the Nazi Party was able to gain most control of the German parliament. In January 1933, German conservatives voted him into the government as chancellor because the heads of the government thought that would cripple him and give them more control of him but they were wrong. When a building was burned down and the communists were blamed, Hitler had the Enabling Act passed on March 23, 1933, which gave him absolute power to make his own laws, destroying democracy in Germany and making the Nazi party the only party. Either you agreed with them or you died. â€Å"Propaganda was at the heart of Hitler’s state, whose embodiment was in the person of Hitler himself. The Nazi Party was organized according to the â€Å"leadership principle†, with every man obeying his appointed commander, and Hitler was the leader of all Germany.† (Cull) On August 2, 1934 Hindenburg died, and Hitler’s reign began. He led campaigns to commit mass genocide on anyone who opposed him, and anyone who was considered inferior to the Aryan race. â€Å"Adolf Hitler believed that Jews were a parasitic subhuman race that was allied with international communism to destroy German civilization. He personally blamed Jews for the German defeat in World War I.† (Beorn) However, in  Mein Kampf, Hitler admitted to his hatred for the Jews and he stated that he believed they were inferior and should not be allowed in Europe. Some historians would argue that this did not mean he wanted to kill them all, he just wanted to deport them out of Europe. The stance is up for interpretation but we can only go off of what actually occurred. He also held racist views against Slavs, Roma, homosexuals, socialists, unions, and religious leaders who opposed them. The pressure against these groups of people was inevitable and he closed down their businesses and even revoked their citizenship. â€Å"It is a matter of some historical debate whether Hitler initially intended to murder the Jews or simply to deport them out of Europe. Among histori ans, these viewpoints are represented by the  internationalists, who see a plan to exterminate Jews existing from the beginning, and the  functionalists, who argue that Nazi Jewish policy experienced a cumulative radicalization, which ultimately led to genocide.† (Beorn) During Hitler’s reign, there was a major focus on improving the Aryan race along with extinguishing others. Many of the Nazis were against smoking, drinking, and eating meat. Their racial purity was heavily entangled in their racial health. They conducted surveys and ran different tests and experiments to assess the causes of cancer and to eliminate it from their society. The government concentrated on public health measures for prevention of cancer and the spread of other disease among the Aryan race. â€Å"None of these policies aimed to improve the health of society as a whole; rather, they were part of a broad campaign to improve the vigor of the Aryan race.† (Hamblin) They wanted to learn how much stress, pain, and other factors the human body could handle. They wanted to eliminate people they considered unworthy of life and that would contaminate the Aryan blood. One of the evil experiments that was performed by the Nazis was the salt water experiment. Patients we re forced to only drink salt water to see how long they could live and what would happen. What they learned was that the sodium in the water would make a person pee more often than they had water because the body would be trying to get rid of all the excess salt. This caused dehydration that lead to muscle cramps and dry mouth. The heart rate would increase to compensate for the fluid loss and the blood vessels constricted to monitor proper blood pressure to vital organs. Organ failure still resulted, and eventually comas led to death in 12 days or less. Other heinous experiments include cold weather testing, human altitude testing, testing between twins, and live bone transplants with no anesthesia. Six million Jews and overall 17 million other people considered inferior to the Aryan race were killed in gas chambers and human experiments lead by Hitler’s followers. These experiments were horrific and evil, and those scientists completely lacked morality or ethics when it cam e to performing experiments on the Jews. There are people that will still claim that we learned so much from the experiments and they were worth the sacrifices. Do you think if you were Aryan and you reaped the benefits of Hitler’s views and reign, would you see him as a monster or a savior? Everyone else sees him as a monster because we are on the outside looking in, but he probably didn’t think he was doing anything wrong because he wanted to do what was best for his country. Our monsters are those different than us. Hitler was a cultural body monster. This ties him to the first thesis in Jeffrey Jerome Cohens â€Å"Monster Culture.† He was a highly decorated soldier and an aggressive representation of what he stood for. He chose to represent something greater than himself and he knew how to be the unheard voice of all his listeners. His sinister approach of using rhetoric to persuade the masses to join in on his hatred toward others was nothing less than evil art. He was a wise strong man until it was his time to stare the opposite of victory directly in the eyes. He chose to take his own life instead of facing his im minent defeat. His story left a monstrous scar on world history forever. Beorn, Waitman W. Hitler, Adolf 1889–1945.  Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, edited by Patrick L. Mason, Gale, 2nd edition, 2013.  Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galerace/hitler_adolf_1889_1945/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 31 Jul. 2018. Cohen, Jeffrey J. â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses)† Accessed 31 Jul. 2018. Cull, Nicholas J. Hitler, Adolf.  Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present, Nicholas John Cull, et al., ABC-CLIO, 1st edition, 2003.  Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/abcprop/hitler_adolf/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 31 Jul. 2018. Hamblin, Jacob D. Nazi Science.  Science in the Early Twentieth Century: An Encyclopedia, ABC-CLIO, 1st edition, 2005.  Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/abcscieth/nazi_science/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 31 Jul. 2018. Mà ¼ller-Hill, Benno. Nazi Scientists.  Encyclopedia of the Human Genome, David N. Cooper, Wiley, 1st edition, 2003.  Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/wileyhg/nazi_scientists/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 31 Jul. 2018.

What constitutes a well-written paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

What constitutes a well-written paper - Essay Example Another is working with people who are not team players. As they say, there is always at least one in a group who does less than the others. Also, very essential to a good paper is impeccable grammar and diction, for these contribute to the intelligibility of a written work. Style is also a big consideration. A good paper must not just be informative-being enjoyable earns points too. A very important challenge one must take on when writing papers is taking care to cite properly. Whatever the stylebook followed, whether APA or MLA for instance, ideas and quotations must be properly attributed and sources properly cited. This includes accuracy in the authors' names, the publishing information, and in some cases, the page number of the book. This is important so as to ensure that no cases of plagiarism are incurred. I have discovered that I, like most people, have problems with grammar accuracy. While this is excusable for no one is perfect, I strive to write papers with good grammar by constantly revising and editing my papers. Each time I read something I have written, I find things that could be improved on; thus, a second, third and fourth look never hurts. Also, the University of Phoenix has resources that have helped me with writing papers. The different eBooks, the online library, various tutorials for writing excellent papers, and the plagiarism checker helps me with making sure that I come close to producing a well-written paper.... As they say, there is always at least one in a group who does less than the others. But being part of a team isn't all that bad. For one thing, the workload gets lighter, and in times of trouble, there are people you can count on to help. You also learn how to deal with people better, and how to manage and keep a business-like attitude when needed. Also, it's a good chance to meet people and make connections. In the professional world, knowing people and more importantly, having friends can go a long way. Therefore, developing a team charter is important. Q3 After reading the three chapters on decision making and reading the White Paper on the Problem-Solving Approach, what do you find they have in commonWhere are the differencesIs using a problem-solving approach an Eastern or a Western strategy Why The reading for chapter 6 talks about the difference between the Eastern, and the Western Strategy. Basically, using a problem-solving strategy is an Eastern strategy while creating a new product before your competitors do is the Western strategy. The problem with the latter strategy is that there is very little time given for testing the research and ensuring that all potential problems are addressed-this strategy gambles. An example of this is New Coke. Coca-Cola produced New Coke to compete with Pepsi. The problem with this is that Coca-Cola did minimal research to get their product out so that they could compete. New Coke ended up having a negative effect, and customers stopped buying it because of the unpleasant taste. Coca-Cola took a big financial hit by releasing New Coke. They quickly brought the original Coca-Cola back, but just added the name Classic to reiterate to the customers that it is back to the original product. The Eastern

Nationality and international judicial process Essay

Nationality and international judicial process - Essay Example There should be no limitation into individual efforts in acquiring nationality or properly too while changing it. It is designed to be an easy task when a person applies for nationality in a country more so by law. Equally, when one intends to forfeit/forego accorded nationality, then simple procedures should be followed. On the other hand, international law confines are configured around the individual state supremacy and thus the judicial administration is designed to serve the international community. It is therefore formulated for and by the cooperation of individual states that consent onto alike ideals of governance and justice procedures. However, for the interest of the common good of all humanity, there are obligations to the international community to oversee justice and lawful governance even to the countries that are non partisans to the international treaties that bind member countries to the common international justice. This is because human beings have been â€Å"soc ialized† in conflict resolution through amicable manners. Nevertheless, supremacy of the state often holds the mandate to establish solution giving mechanisms to cases requiring legal arbitration. In the event of arbitrations that are beyond a state scope, especially those involving other states, arbitration is done centrally by a central tribunal under the watch of international community. Certain basics hold as pertains to these procedures. The tribunals are formed by consent of many states who also give guidelines on the operations. The associates of the states are by default linked to the tribunal. All the procedures are well monitored under commonly accepted codes of operations. This essay therefore intends to evaluate the ways in which nationality aspect is relevant into the confines of international law. We intend to show how nationality holds when it comes to the judicial field beyond the borders of supreme state. Are there provisions that explain the levels of soverei gnty of nationals of particular states as opposed to others? What is the jurisdiction provision on the matter that pertains to statelessness or refugees? What are the relationship spheres of a sovereign state and her nationals when it comes to crime against humanity or any other international crime committed either within the respective country’s borders or the international scene? Discussion We start by evaluating nationality and its meaning. It started with the states forming the basic blocks of the international law but later on a relationship between the states and individual persons led to reconsideration of nationals as regards to the international law. Through this then, international law encompassed an individual and state. Sloane, say that inclusion of nationality in â€Å"international law† mediated accompanying obligations and persona rights. The initial intention was towards offering diplomatic protection, state responsibility, war, extradition and jurisdic tion (2009, 1-2). Therefore, the best way to understand nationality is in terms of the legal bundles of protection or individual duties and rights to an individual person accustomed to at state or at international level. Though an individual has a formal entitlement of sense of belonging to either one or more states through the single or dual nationality procedures, everyone is bound to the terms espoused to by the country’s legal framework. However, the basic significance legal consequence of nationality remains in individual state to which a